Ethical Research Protection Of Human Subjects Essay

Ethical Issues in Research: Protection of Human Subjects Ethical guidelines and considerations in research experiments involving human subjects are a fairly new construct. Prior to the twentieth century, elaborate set of rules and regulations regarding the use of human subjects in experiments merely did not exist. However, one of the most critical elements of research are ethical considerations, and the goal of a research experiment is to discover new information to broaden the knowledge of the human society. Therefore, distorting, falsifying, or misinforming research participants for the purpose of manipulating different reactions is highly unethical, and the values that research ethics rely on including integrity, accuracy, and objectivity are always violated. The Milgram Experiment on Obedience and the Stanford Prison Experiment are examples of two of the most intriguing and widely discussed social psychology experiments that have violated the basic principles of research ethics involving human subjects. The Milgram experiment and the Stanford Prison experiment still continues to receive a large amount of criticism and is widely considered ethically controversial. Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted his obedience experiment in 1961, to research the effect of authority on obedience. Milgram (1963) defines obedience as â€Å"†¦ a psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose† (p. 371), and the goal of his experiment was toShow MoreRelatedEthical Principles And Guidelines For The Protection Of Human Subjects Of Research1005 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1979 the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research drafted The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Within this report, the National Commission identified three ethical principles that are the foundation for research ethics and the field of bioethics. These princi ples are respect for persons (also known as autonomy), beneficence and justice. While these three principles are supposedRead MoreThe Common Rule and Human Research Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesHuman research done in the United States nowadays is regulated by the Common Rule. The Common Rule is a policy on the topic of Human Subject Protection created by a number of agencies specifically the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects for Biomedical and Behavioral Research developed in 1974 to address detection of serious maltreatment of human subjects from the Syphilis Study at Tuskegee (Iltis, 2011). Some key requirements of the Common Rule are: assuring compliance by researchRead MoreThe Role of the Institutional Review Board and the Protection of Human Subjects663 Words   |  3 Pageswhat has evolved to how we conduct research today and just as important, how the participants of such research are shielded and protected against the consequences that may be exper ienced as a result of these studies. We live in a world that is continuously changing and as we move forward, it is past experiences that influence how things are done in the present, and what may become in the future. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) exists to protect research subjects and ensure their rights are safeguardedRead MoreBasic Ethical Principles in Epidemiology1254 Words   |  5 PagesBasic Ethical Principles The three basic ethical principles generally accepted principles in the U.S. cultural tradition include the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The principles of respect for persons ensure that human subjects treated as autonomous agents and persons with diminished autonomy are provided protection (CDC, n.a.). The protection relates to when human subjects may lack coherence under certain medications, sickness, or physical conditions in which the researcherRead MoreHistory And Progression Of Untreated Syphilis931 Words   |  4 Pagespanel was created. (Brandt, 1978) There are several ethical issues that can arise when conducting research. A few of these are field of study dilemmas, the researchers’ integrity, social and economic issues, physical and psychological issues. Field of study refers to areas of research that are controversial in nature. Ethical dilemmas that can arise under fields of study are contentious topics such as embryo research and fetal tissue research (National Institute of Health, 2008). Studies suchRead MoreRelevant Laws And Legal Authority1277 Words   |  6 Pagesauthority The conduct of biomedical research that involves the human subjects deals with many ethical and legal issues and these issues must be handled by the law to make sure transparency in the research. The legal issues have concerned lawyers, policy makers, researchers, philosophers, scientists, and clinicians for many years and the end result was the formulation of laws in conductance of human subject research.(Kapp, 2006). In July 12, 1974 the National Research Act was signed into law and the organizationRead MoreEnvironmental Health Research On Humans - Ethical Issues1656 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental Health Research on Humans – Ethical Issues Since the United States approved the regulations that controls the research on human subjects in 1970s, there have been many discussions and arguments concerning this approval on research on humans; the issues focuses clinical research like the risk management, the use of substances (drugs) with no therapeutic effect – placebos in a group, selecting random sample of a population, informed consent, adverse events and investigation on susceptibleRead MoreA Research Study On Nutrition And Treatment Of Blood Glucose1621 Words   |  7 Pagesfor granted the amount of research, time, effort, and money that went into the development of medications or medical treatment. When someone reaches for the aspirin bottle to relieve a pounding headache or that lifesaving injection of insulin used daily to treat and manage levels of blood glucose are both the end results of long and costly research. Without research the awareness of vitamin deficiencies, treatments for cancer, organ transpl antation, and vaccines for humans and animals would ceaseRead MoreThe Adopted Codes of Conduct for Psychological Research Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesConduct for Psychological Research There is a belief among psychologists that by carrying out an experiment we should be lead to understand ourselves better and to the enhancement of the human condition and promotion of human welfare. This can onlyRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Clinical Trials1584 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber of clinical trials, the ethical issues related to clinical trials have also increased. Furthermore, the ethics of the clinical trials were violated on several occasions in last few decades. Nazi experiments with World War II initiated the world leaders to implement a code of conduct that protects the autonomy of the clinical trial subjects. Therefore, the Nuremberg Code was initiated in the year of 1949. However, this Code failed to protect the human subjects in clinical trials. Tuskegee syphilis